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![]() However, aviation traffic management in sector C must be coordinated between Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia.On behalf of Indonesia, Singapore imposes a flight or route air navigation service charge in the Indonesian jurisdictional airspace, specifically sector A. The main points listed in the Indonesia–Singapore FIR Agreement are as follows:(1) Limits in the agreement are set based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 treaty.(2) Indonesian airspace above the Natuna Islands region is divided into sectors A, B, and C(3) Indonesia delegates responsibility for providing flight navigation services within sector A to Singapore, from sea level to an altitude of 37,000 feet.(4) Indonesia delegates responsibility for providing flight navigation services within sector B to Singapore, from sea level to an infinite altitude.(5) Sector C is not included in the FIR agreement between Indonesia and Singapore. 2) given to Singapore, which was still a British colony.In 1996, the FIR agreement between Indonesia and Singapore became a legal product (contractual treaty) binding the two countries. Ultimately, the FIR above the Natuna Islands airspace was established under the name FIR Singapore, with sectors A, B, and C (Fig. As traffic in Malacca was increasing rapidly, the ICAO stressed the creation of an air traffic system (ATS) however, at that time, Indonesia had just become an independent country, and no Indonesian delegation was present at the meeting. Also, the Singapore FIR is shown in red dash line (source: AirNav, 2018).The initial transfer of the control of the FIR over the Natuna Islands airspace to Singapore was discussed at the ICAO meeting in March 1946, in Dublin, Ireland, where the distribution and management of the FIR were addressed. Nevertheless, the Natuna region has entered into an agreement with Malaysia that was agreed upon through the formulation of the Nusantara State Regime Law (Malaysian Rights in the Territorial Sea, Archipelago Waters, and Airspace Above the Waters and Territories of the Republic of Indonesia) signed in February 1982 and ratified through Law No. This occurred not because Singapore intends to create complications for Indonesia. In the RAN meeting, the FIR alignment over Natuna was resolved bilaterally by Indonesia and Singapore however, an agreement was not reached. In 1973, joint management of the ABC sector by Singapore and Malaysia began, with Singapore controlling altitudes above 24,500 feet and Malaysia below 24,500 feet.Indonesia once officially raised the issue in the Regional Air Navigation (RAN) Meeting held in May 1993 in Bangkok, which was attended by countries in the Asia and Pacific region. Over time, the FIR, which is controlled by Singapore, has become a strategic area and is busy with international flights. Longman dictionary free download for macThe FIR limit does not necessarily have to be aligned with the administrative or territorial boundary of a country. However, in Annex 11 , Indonesia can delegate such supervision to another country (Singapore) if it deems itself unable to supervise air traffic over the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia, following Article 262 paragraph 1 letter a of the Aviation Law No. Consequently, the FIR issue above Natuna has become even more tangled with the increasing number of parties involved.Referring to the FIR provisions determined under Article 28 of the Chicago Convention 1944 , which was further elaborated in Annex 11 concerning air traffic services , Indonesia is required to provide flight navigation facilities and services following the provisions of the Convention. However, there is an agreement that airspace does not cover outer space. Until now, there has been no international agreement regarding the high airspace in the sky. Singapore FIR over the Indonesia Airspace area (Source: ).According to international law, Indonesia has sovereignty over the airspace above the land and sea area to a height where the air reaches outer space. Increased or reduced state space can be caused by various aspects that are always associated with the honor and sovereignty of a state and nation. De facto and de jure control of space is the legitimacy of political power. From the perspective of geopolitics, space is the core because it is a vehicle for political and military dynamics. Several publications have discussed the hot issue of Indonesia – Singapore FIR alignment. The violation of Indonesia sovereignty is shown in the influence of the Singapore Civil Authority on defense and security in Indonesian airspace, where the Singapore Civil Authority sets the Danger Area in MTA 1 (Military Training Area) and MTA 2 and the Flight Information Region, which is above the Indonesian territory as a military training area that makes the area an area a prohibited zone unilaterally without agreement with Indonesia. International airspace arrangements were established based on the 1944 Chicago Convention. The sovereignty of the air space gives each state exclusive right to its own air territory and aircraft within that territory without permission are seen and treated as intruders. The national air space of a country is used either to support national interests or accommodate international aspirations, including flight security and safety regulated by international law and ratified into the national law of the country of concern. Described that limitation of the Indonesian government is the defense tools capacity owned by the Air Force, who has not reached the minimum limit of the defense forces. Furthermore, the working paper is a proposal for a realignment to be submitted to the ICAO in the Asia Pacific Air Navigation Planning and Implementation Regional Group (APANPIRG) session. This roadmap details the steps to prepare for realignment. The next step in the realignment effort was to form an inter-department working group consisting of the Ministry of Transportation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Indonesian Air Force Headquarters, Ministry of Defense, BNPP ( Badan Nasional Pengelola Perbatasan - National Border Management Agency), and other agencies in an effort to prepare the FIR realignment, especially the establishment of a roadmap and working papers. Thus, Singapore only had a legal basis in controlling the FIR from the 1946 RAN Meeting.
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